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The Complete History of Golf
(Part 3: Chole, Pall Mall, Jeu de Mail, Kolven)
In 1353 appears the first recorded reference to "CHOLE", a popular cross country game being played in Northern France (where sometimes was also called SOULE) and Belgium between the 13th and the 15th century. While using wooden bended clubs and traditional leather filled balls, chole was more similar to hockey as it was played by two different teams and one common ball with the objective to achieve a specific target (a gate, a door or even a couple of rocks).
The two teams were playing one against another in the sense that first one team was shooting the ball in one direction (the chole) and after it was the task of the other team to countershoot the ball (the decholade) in the opposite direction. Each team had a "chole made of a sequence of 3 consecutive strokes before the ball belonged to the opponents for their "dechole that consists in one single stroke (aimed to shot the ball as far as possible from the goal and in a difficult area). The game was played in open fields normally using natural hazards as part of the difficulty to reach the objective.
1421 - A Scottish regiment aiding the French against the English at the Siege of Bauge is introduced to the game of chole. Hugh Kennedy, Robert Stewart and John Smale, three of the identified players, are credited with introducing the game in Scotland.
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Original idea, design and development by C. Marien-de Luca.
Source: Books of Hours
(Duchess of Burgundy, 1450)
Another, simpler, version of Chole was "CROSSE also being played in France.
In the 15th century, another popular game in England (mainly London and its suburbs) was called "PALL MALL (pronounced pal-mal or pell-mell) or palle maille. The name comes from the pallamaglio, which literally means "ball-mallet". The object was to strike a boxwood ball of about 1 foot (30cm) in circumference (about the same size as a modern croquet ball) with a heavy wooden mallet from one pre-determined place to another, sometimes as far as neighboring villages near London.
Pall mall was popular in Italy, France and Scotland, and spread to England in the 17th century. The name "pall mall" refers not only to the game, but also to the mallet used and the alley in which it was played. It is considered by some as the precusor to croquet.
A variant of Pall Mall became increasingly popular in the South of France was JEU DE MAIL. This one was played with straight wooden clubs that had a sort of hammer shape at one hand called "mail (i.e. wooden mallet). The scope of the game was to shot a wooden ball (!) till a specific target, normally an arc, located at ½ miles or longer from the starting point with the minimum number of strokes. As in modern golf, this was one of the few ancient sports where each player was playing with his own individual ball for the whole game. See below picture for reference:
Old English Sports, Pastimes and Customs,
published 1891
Some golf historians claim that the origin of golf as well as of the word "golf" itself originate from kolf. Van Hengels and J.A. Brongers, considered two of the most acknowledgeable Dutch golf historians, based their theory on the frequent trading exchanges between Holland and Scotland in medieval times and reinforced their theory claiming that there is "golf evidence dating back to 1300 - in documents, paintings and sketches, even before the first record of golf in Scotland.
However, there is also proof of the opposite.
First of all, the dutch kolf is played with the objective to hit a specific post with the fewest possible strokes. The game could be played either in teams (one against another) or by single individuals but only with one common ball. Moreover, it was played in a confined area (outside or inside), indicating similarities with hockey rather than with golf. Futhermore, a book dating from 1795, the Statistical Account of Scotland, clearly described the game kolf as different from golf. This proves that, already in those years, Scottish people were very clear about the differences between golf and kolf. It is worth remembering that the word "golf" was first recorded in 1457, in an act of the Scottish Parliament, when the sport was banned because it interfered with military practices (such as archery…).
The game of "KOLF (meaning club) or "KOLVEN", a very old game being played in Flandres and the Netherlands, probably since the 13th century, was originally was called "spel metten colve" which literally means "game with clubs". The Dutch golf historian Steven J. H. van Hengel traced the origin of this game back to 1297, in the town of Loenen aan de Vecht (Holland) when it was first played to commemorate the relieving of the Kronenburg Castle.
The game of Kolven appears in many Dutch paintings, pottery, tiles, suggesting its popularity at that time. Its popularity remains very strong even today as is not uncommon to see players in the Northern part of Holland. At origin it was an indoor game but it soon developed also as an outdoor sport being played on ice (on frozen channels, small lakes and rivers) or on kolf courts specifically confined for the game.
The Jeu de Mail was very popular at its time. The book written by A. Robb (Historical Gossip about Golf and Golfers), offers a very detailed description of the game that resembles modern golf quite a lot with the exception that the target is never a hole but a designated mark on the ground. The clubs, hammered shaped, were designed to cope with bad lies as on one end they had a sort of flat shape to give the club with some loft in case of needs.
It is worth mentioning that this game was still played in some small villages of southern France untill last century.
It is chronicled that two teams of four, equipped with wooden clubs, hit wooden balls over a 'course' measuring 2,5 miles. The targets were outside doors with the objective for each team to score a "goal in the lowest number of strokes. The fact that this game was part of a "local celebration is a sign that "kolf should have been a popular game at that time.
Delft-style Tile illusrating "Kolven"
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